Abstract:After over 30 years of advances,multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is now instrumental in a wide range of in vivobiological imaging applications. However, it has, until recently, remained notachievable or affordable to meet the unmet need for fast monitoring ofbiological dynamics and large-scale examination of biological heterogeneity. Only within the past few years have new strategies emerged to empower   MPM at aspeed that was once inconceivable, notably at kilohertz two-dimensional (2D)framerate, and 3D rate or beyond.   This Review   highlights the latest high-speed innovations and discusses the potential of their synergism with other advanced, but   less   speed-centric   MPM toolboxes. Recognizing these prospects andchallenges could inspire new approaches for reprioritizing   imaging   speed infuture   MPM developments.

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